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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans
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eclectic_one
I know you already mentioned this Korn, but I thought it worth repeating since people often "pick on" veganism because they think it causes B12 deficiency:
However, when taking folic acid supplements, it is important to remember that folic acid and vitamin B-12 work most effectively together, so you should make sure you are getting enough vitamin B-12, as well. Vegans often struggle with this balance since their diets are very rich in folic acid but not in B-12.
Sure... Vegans need to pay extra attention to B12 just like non-vegans need to pay extra attention to folate - both nutrients are needed. Even if eg. folate may be helpful for people who are low in B12 eg. in terms of lowering homocysteine levels, folate can't replace B12.
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Here's something about Omega-3 levels in the average population. One of the studies cited above mentioned that 95% of all people are Omega-3 deficient, but other sources claim that the number of people who get too little Omega-3 from their is lower:
http://www.triplepundit.com/pages/gu...nt--002402.php
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Could it be that these ailments are far more prevalent now because our food has changed? As a matter of fact, according to Dr. Artemis Simopoulos, M.D., who headed the NIH Nutrition Committee for nine years, 90% of Americans are omega-3-deficient. Kids with asthma and allergies typically have lower plasma levels of omega-3s, as do many kids with ADD. Since all those problems are greatly helped by omega-3s, shouldn’t we increase omega-3 foods in the schools?
Omega-3 Supplement Alleviates Dry Eye Symptoms:
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An estimated 83% of Americans do not receive enough Omega-3s in their diet. North Americans have among the lowest dietary intake of Omega-3s in the world.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Omega-3-Fa...urce&id=227030 :
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One nutritional supplement that nearly everyone needs is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids to counterbalance the excessive amounts of omega-6 oils that are in the average diet. Although the ideal dietary ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fats is 1:1, it's commonly in the range of 1:20 to 1:50. An estimated 85% - 95% of North Americans are omega-3 deficient. The increased level of inflammation in our bodies caused by this imbalance is a common factor in many forms of chronic disease, including arthritis and heart disease.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans
Here's some new information about Vitamin D deficiency, published last week:
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A study of middle aged British adults showed that the majority, 60%, have hypovitaminosis D [less than optimal levels of vitamin D], and 90% have less than optimal levels during winter and spring.
Previously hypovitaminosis D has been considered to be a public health problem that affects mainly ethnic minority groups living in Britain, but the current study shows that the problem is very real also among the Caucasian population.
Participants living in Scotland were twice as likely to have low vitamin D concentrations compared to others.
Obese participants were twice as likely to have hypovitaminosis D compared to others.
According to this article, "statistics show that about 40% of the United States population is vitamin D deficient and indicate that in Great Britain the majority of adult population are in the same condition." I guess one reason the number is lower in USA is that fortifying milk with vitamin D is more common there.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans
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"As many as 90 percent of Americans don't get that protective 400 micrograms [folate] in their diet – for example, you'd have to eat two cups of steamed spinach, a cup of boiled lentils, or eight oranges every day. So it's important to take a supplement, especially if you're a woman and considering having children someday."
...and - also from http://www.newstarget.com/016208.html
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Despite its range of health benefits, many Americans are deficient in the vitamin, coming nowhere near the government's recommended daily allowance of 200 micrograms daily. "The average American gets only 61 percent of the old Recommended Dietary Allowance, which is too low anyway," says James Duke, PhD in Anti-Aging Prescriptions.
That quote looks like people would have to get folate from either only eating spinach or only eating oranges. What's wrong with these people? :) Are these the same guys who tells vegans how many cups of organic spinach, barley or soy we'd have to eat to get enough B12? :) Vegans may not get enough B12 from their diet, but there are some very valid reasons that many vegans and non-vegans have low B12 levels if they don't take supplements.
Anyway, if it's correct that 90% of Americans don't get the amount of folate (I don't know if this number is correct - do any of you have more info on this?) needed to avoid the health risks low folate levels are assoicated with, the folate deficiency problem among people on a mixed diet (meat + plants) is much more severe than the problem with vegetarians and vegans having low B12 levels. Look here: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/con...ll/12/11/1222: "Low folate has been associated with an increased risk for a number of gastrointestinal cancers (1) , including esophageal (2, 3, 4) and stomach cancers". In addition, folate is known for other severe problems - here's some info from an article posted at Emory University's site:
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Recent research has shown that almost all people who do not consume supplemental folic acid are folate deficient. Plasma homocysteine concentrations are a marker of folate-deficiency. Approximately 90 per cent of people in the Framingham study population and 90 per cent of the people in NHANES III (Nutrition and Health Assessment Examination Survey) --a national representative sample of non institutional people in the United States in the late 1980s and the early 1990s-- have elevated plasma homocysteine because their plasma folate is too low. A cross sectional study in Irish hospital workers suggests that 70% have plasma homocysteines that are reduced by supplement folic acid consumption.
Folate deficiency each year causes 500,000 severe birth defects that can be prevented by supplemental synthetic folic acid.
In 1991, the MRC folic acid study was published showing that most cases of spina bifida and anencephaly—common and severe birth defects with major mortality and paralysis—are a result of folate deficiency. CDC scientists estimated that world –wide there are each year 500,000 pregnancies affected with folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly. In late 1999, scientists from Bejing Medical University and CDC published the results of a large community trial showing that consumption of only 400 microgram of synthetic folic acid above the amounts in the diet would prevent 85% of these birth defects in the highest prevalence areas and 40% in lower prevalence areas. Thus, increase consumption of synthetic folic acid by all women of reproductive age would not only prevent folate deficiency anemia, but it would also prevent 500,000 severe birth defects.
10 million deaths from heart attacks and strokes probably preventable by increasing consumption of synthetic folic acid:
In the last 10 years it has become clear that plasma/serum concentration of homocysteine is a major, independent risk factor for occlusive cardiovascular disease. A meta-analysis from the University of Washington in 1995 suggested that increasing consumption by 400 micrograms of synthetic folic acid among the American population would prevent annually 50,000 deaths each year from heart attacks. Since the publication of that data even stronger observational data have strengthened the link between low folates leading to increased homocysteiene concentration and increased risk for stroke and heart attacks. For example in the prospective cohort Nurses Health Study, women who consumed supplement folic acid had about a 25% reduction in coronary heart disease. A randomized control trial in Chinese men who consumed 800 micrograms of synthetic folic acid had a 50% reduction in stroke mortality. Using the University of Washington data to project to the world from the United States data would suggest that at approximately 10 million heart attack deaths might be prevented each year in the world if there is sufficient increase in synthetic folic acid consumption. In addition such increased consumption would be expected to prevent 10 of thousands of deaths from stroke, also.
It almost looks like this university is controlled by the supplement industry (but that could be said about the US Government as well - I recently heard that up to 1000 lobbyists from the pharmaceutical industry was trying to influence the members of the Congress before important decisions about the medical industry were made)...
Folate deficiency is associated with with birth defects, heart disease and many types of cancer, so if almost all meat eaters are folate deficient, I somewhat understand their enthusiasm for synthetic folate supplements, but it's kind of ironic that people who warn us against living on a vegan due to an increased B12 deficiency risk live on a diet that's known for a lot of deficiencies. They may know that if they would have switched to a vegan diet, they would have no problems with getting enough folate without taking synthetic supplements - but I doubt that most meat eaters know that by going vegan they would get higher levels of other important nutrients as well.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans
Here's an excerpt from a study that compares the anti-oxidant levels in vegans, and compares it with both the US recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and meat eaters:
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Antioxidant status in long-term adherents to a strict uncooked vegan diet
AL Rauma, R Torronen, O Hanninen, H Verhagen and H Mykkanen
Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, Finland.
Antioxidant status was investigated in 20 Finnish middle-aged female vegans and in one male vegan who were following a strict, uncooked vegan diet ("living food diet"), by means of a dietary survey and biochemical measurements (blood concentrations of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene, and the activities of the zinc/copper-dependent superoxide dismutase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase). Values were compared with those of omnivores matched for sex, age, social status, and residence. Antioxidant supplementation was used by 4 of 20 female vegans and by 11 of 20 control subjects.
Based on dietary records, the vegans had significantly higher intakes of beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, and copper, and a significantly lower intake of selenium than the omnivorous control subjects. The calculated dietary antioxidant intakes by the vegans, expressed as percentages of the US recommended dietary allowances, were as follows: 305% of vitamin C, 247% of vitamin A, 313% of vitamin E, 92% of zinc, 120% of copper, and 49% of selenium.
Compared with the omnivores, the vegans had significantly higher blood concentrations of beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, as well as higher erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. These differences were also seen in pairs who were using no antioxidant supplements. The present data indicate that the "living food diet" provides significantly more dietary antioxidants than does the cooked, omnivorous diet, and that the long-term adherents to this diet have a better antioxidant status than do omnivorous control subjects.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans
Here's a study concluding that a vitamin B12 deficiency (<150pg/mL) was detected in only 2.0% (males) and 1.0% (females) of the Korean adults. This was not a study on vegans, but it would be interesting to know the difference between the lifestyle and diet of these Koreans and the diet/lifestyle of most other non-vegans that have been studied, because very few B12 deficient people were found in this study. The god results may not come from the amount of B12 in their diet - it could also come from the lack of being exposed to B12 reducing factors.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans
According to this study on 150 Japanese female students aged 21-22, "46.7% of the females showed sufficient intake for vitamin A, 28.7% for E, 80.7% for B1, 92.7% for B2, 54.7% for B6, 99.3% for niacin, 76.0% for B12, 34.0% for folate, and 54.0% for C".
In other words, circa 53% of these people were deficient in vitamin A, circa 71% were vitamin E deficient, and 66% were folate deficient. 24% did not have sufficient levels of B12.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans
i find all of this very amusing :D
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans
Folate is found in many of plants - in generous amounts, but people on a mixed (plants/meat) diet often have a problem getting enough folate, which this study documents:
The effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine in an elderly population
"Our data suggest that, if the vitamin B12 intake is adequate, an intake of about 900 µg folate per day would be required to ensure that 95% of the elderly population would be without cardiovascular risk from folate deficiency. This corresponds to a daily supplement of 600 µg of folic acid. This is considerably higher than the level of fortification in the US, where 140 µg folic acid per 100 g cereal is estimated to increase the folic acid intake of most women by 80 µg per day. It is also higher than the level of fortification recommended in the COMA report of 240 µg/100 g of flour, which would increase average intake of folic acid by 201 µg/day.30 Whether the daily supplementation of folic acid is administered as a tablet or by food fortification is a policy issue for debate elsewhere."
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
I'm starting to believe more and more that although it is important to make sure we are getting the correct nutrients from our food, it is more important that our bodies are working properly and are able to convert the nutrients into substances we need.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
In this document, on the page 8, you can see the percentage of Americans not getting the EAR (intake of nutrients satisfying the needs of half of the population) of various nutrients:
http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles...les2001-02.pdf
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
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This list from
http://www.energywave.com/about-vita...ficiencies.htm shows that a lot of people are deficient in a lot of nutrients (this is not a study on vegans)...:
Vitamin B6: 80% are deficient.
Magnesium: 75% are deficient
Calcium: 68%
Iron : 57%
Vitamin A: 50%
Thiamine (B1): 45%
Vitamin C: 41%
Vitamin B12: 34%
Riboflavin (B2): 34%
Niacin: 33%
Phosphorus: 27%
Various studies suggest the 30-40% of non-vegans either have low B12 levels or even are B12 deficient. Several studies also suggest that either only 1 or zero percent of the population do not have any nutrient deficiencies at all.
This is not surprising, but still - based on this study, it's alarming, since a lot of them take supplements:
Quote:
Supplement use was measured through a questionnaire and was reported by 49% of the U.S. population (44% of males, 53% of females). Multivitamin-multimineral use was the most frequently reported dietary supplement (33%). The majority of people reported taking only 1 dietary supplement and did so on a daily basis. Dietary supplement use was lowest in obese adults and highest among non-Hispanic whites, older adults, and those with more than a high-school education. Between 28 and 30% reported using dietary supplements containing vitamins B-6, B-12, C, A, and E; 18-19% reported using iron, selenium, and chromium; and 26-27% reported using zinc- and magnesium-containing supplements. Botanical supplement use was more common in older than in younger age groups and was lowest in those aged 1-13 y but was reported by ~20% of adults. About one-half of the U.S. population and 70% of adults ≥ 71 y use dietary supplements; one-third use multivitamin-multimineral dietary supplements.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
Thanks for the in depth fact post. I like to read information like this every so often, to confirm that I am doing the right thing. Even without big studies like this, I see the results pretty much on a daily basis. Of the people that I hang around, some are vegan, but most are not. Most of us are all pretty healthy, but I've noticed that us that are vegans, really don't get sick and usually have more energy, because of the natural vitamins.
Thanks for the info.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
I pointed out this little fact when I was in hospital last check for a standard pregnancy check and chat. Normally I don't tell anyone I'm vegan unless someone explicitly asks. The midwive asked me to point out on a list of foods which ones I didn't eat. I explained I'm vegan, she never heard of such a thing which I found amazing for someone of her profession. So she wanted to send me to a nutritionist and I kindly refused. I was mentioning various cancers and illnesses pointing at the pictures of the different food products on the paper and she just looked at me like my hair was on fire probably concluding that I was nuts and said again I should see a nutritionist. I refused again. She then started explaining to me where to get vit C, iron, protein, etc etc and I was finishing all her sentences and adding information that she didn't even know 'oh so you do know about nutrition' she said and she left the topic alone. It doesn't happen that often anymore that I run into people who are completely ignorant when it comes to veganism.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
Vegetarian diets: what are the advantages? (2005)
Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany. claus.leitzmann@ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de
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A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that wholesome vegetarian diets offer distinct advantages compared to diets containing meat and other foods of animal origin. The benefits arise from lower intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein as well as higher intakes of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C and E, carotenoids and other phytochemicals. Since vegetarians consume widely divergent diets, a differentiation between various types of vegetarian diets is necessary. Indeed, many contradictions and misunderstandings concerning vegetarianism are due to scientific data from studies without this differentiation. In the past, vegetarian diets have been described as being deficient in several nutrients including protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin B12 and A, n-3 fatty acids and iodine. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the observed deficiencies are usually due to poor meal planning. Well-balanced vegetarian diets are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly and competitive athletes. In most cases, vegetarian diets are beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, renal disease and dementia, as well as diverticular disease, gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis. The reasons for choosing a vegetarian diet often go beyond health and well-being and include among others economical, ecological and social concerns. The influences of these aspects of vegetarian diets are the subject of the new field of nutritional ecology that is concerned with sustainable life styles and human development.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
lets not forget that lumping the entire population into 2 groups is a huge flaw in all those sorts of studies since generally when people switch to vegan (either for ethical or health reasons) they also start eating healthier (by which i mean eating a more balanced diet) quit drinking smoking and start exercising more
dividing it into 2 healthier groups and discounting unhealthy ones would be better have no smokers or drinkers in either group ensure that both get a balanced diet and plenty of exercise then see what the results are
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
I must say none of the Vegan I know quit smoking and drinking and started exercising more. :) They are all vegans though not plant eating, healthy diet people.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
Same. I know a few sXe vegans but also plenty of wreckhead vegans. :lol2: When I was first vegan I did allsorts, now I'm closer to the other end of the spectrum. People who care for others don't necessarily care for themselves. Besides, these kinds of variables tend to be taken into account when doing such studies.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
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Crusty Rat
People who care for others don't necessarily care for themselves.
Which is precisely true. Some people are so busy caring for others, that caring for oneself takes a backseat. That reminds me of Dr. McDougall's book...the Fat Vegan. According to him, fat vegans frighten meat eaters into becoming vegan. He sort of really attacks overweight vegans (at least that was my take on it).
Back to the nutritional deficiency topic: I would be damned if I developed a b12 deficiency. I take supplements and nutritional yeast and other sources of b vitamins to avoid that situation. I do, however, have hypoglycemia. This is random, but important to mention. I've been keeping track of my blood pressure.
Is a blood pressure of 100/40 normal? My diastolic pressure fluctuates between 40-60. My systolic fluctuated between 100-110. My pulse is typically 40-55. Sometimes it reaches 60-62. Of course this changes when I am training or running (post or during).
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
Quote:
Jaitee
they also start eating healthier (by which i mean eating a more balanced diet) quit drinking smoking and start exercising more
Some do. Lots of people don't exercise - neither before or after they have become vegans, and I don't think I know of anyone who stopped drinking when they became vegans. Many vegans/others don't smoke before they became vegans either. Plus, you may forget that many people start to eat vegan for health reasons, so many members of the vegan group in studies are people who may have had health problems - sometimes serious problems - before they started to eat vegan - problems which may not disappear just because they start avoiding animal products.
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what are the common nutritional deficiencies in general?
Hi, i just read a thread about common deficiencies in vegan people and in general, and it says as below.
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Dave Eastman Posted: Apr 1 2004, 06:21 PM
The latest data on the dietary intakes of vegans was just published last month.[1] The diets of about 100 vegans were recorded for a week and were found deficient in calcium, iodine and vitamin B12. Using the same standards, though, the standard American diet are deficient in 7 nutrients! The diet of your average American is not only also deficient in calcium and iodine, it's deficient in vitamin C, vitamin E, fiber, folate, and magnesium as well.[2]
Not only does the American public have over twice as many nutritional deficiencies in their diets, vegans were shown to have higher intakes of 16 out of the 19 nutrients studied, includeing calcium. The vegans were getting more than enough protein on average and three times more vitamin C, three times more vitamin E, three times more fiber. Vegans got twice the folate, twice the magnesium, twice the copper, twice the manganese.
And of course the vegans had twice the fruit and vegetable intake and half the saturated fat intake, meeting the new 2003 World Health Organization guidelines for fat intake and weight control.[3] Almost 2/3 of Americans are overweight.[4] In contrast, only 11% of the vegans were overweight. Almost one in three Americans are obese.[4] Zero of the 98 vegans in this study were obese.
So when a meateater asks you "Where you get your B12?" You can counter with "Where do you get your vitamin C, vitamin E, fiber, folate, and magnesium? And while you're at it, you can ask them how they keep their sodium, saturated fat, total fat and cholesterol intake under control (not to mention their weight).[5]
REFERENCES
[1] Results from the German Vegan Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57(August 2003):947.
[2] USDA. Food and Nutrient Intakes by Individuals in the United States, by Region, 1994-96.
[3] World Health Organization Technical Report Series 916. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. 2003.
[4] Centers for Disease Control.
[5] Then you can finally answer their question and proudly say B12 fortified foods or B12 supplements :-) Of course the fact that we're seriously deficient in B12 should not be taken lightly. Evidence suggests that our low B12 intakes make be shaving literally years off of the lives of vegetarians and vegans, so make sure you get your B12!--I recommend " Vitamin B12: Are You Getting It? "
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And I've looked up the reference [2] in USDA site and i don't see these deficiencies. Maybe i don't know how to read the data, but is there anybody who could help me out on this? Now I'm writing a book about being a vegetarian in Korea, and i need this information about 'common deficiencies in general.' Thank you very much.
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Re: what are the common nutritional deficiencies in general?
Hi, I merged your thread with the thread your quote comes from - there are lots of references to common nutritional deficiencies here...
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Re: what are the common nutritional deficiencies in general?
Hi, Korn. thanks for the reply. i've already read the whole thing, but those are not the ones i need. i need to know the answer to my question, and that's why i posted a new thread(so people can see and answer). this way (my reply at the end of a thread) they may miss it. could you personally take a look at the data and tell me what u think?
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
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i need to know the answer to my question, and that's why i posted a new thread
If your question is "what are the common nutritional deficiencies in general?", and this thread is about that topic, it's a better idea to post your question here, for a number of reasons - and that would IMO also be the case if you have questions about one of the studies mentioned in this thread. If you are referring to one of the references in one of the mentioned studies (the USDA link): how did you search (in the pdf) for the info?
The original articles says that "The diet of your average American is not only also deficient in calcium and iodine, it's deficient in vitamin C, vitamin E, fiber, folate, and magnesium as well".
When following your link, and searching that file for eg. magnesium, you'll see that on page 24, when looking at the row "All individuals", it is stated that 9,5% of all individuals in the study have below 50% of the magnesium RDA (recommended daily average), 35% has below 75% of the RDA, and 61,5% are below the full (100%) RDA value.
As you may know, I'm not a scientist... if you have questions re. the USDA table, why not just contact them? Good luck! :-)
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
well, when you look at table 2 at page 14, then most of the mean intake for all regions are more than 100% of RDA. but maybe i should look ate table 3, rather than table 2 to know the common deficiencies?
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
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mean intake for all regions are more than 100% of RDA
Hi, I haven't looked at your new link yet, but don't forget that even if the average level of eg. B12 in eg. USA is 100% of the RDA (or more), there may still be 100 million people there who have too low B12 levels.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans
Quote:
Korn
Here's another site referring to general (non-vegan) studies of nutrient deficiencies.
One study shows the difference between nutrient values in organic vs. non-organic food, the other shows percentages of essential nutrients that are lost when whole wheat grain is turned into white flour. The study most relevant to this thread are based on two government sponsored surveys measuring intake of 13 out of 45 essential nutrients in tens of thousands of people: The "Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" (1971-1974) and "The Nationwide Food Consumption Survey" (1977-1978).
The various studies are collected by Gabriella Juris, Ph.D.
Here's a
link to another site discussing similar studies - again. an excerpt:
The first of the two links above seems dead - here's a new one which should work:
http://books.google.no/books?id=O9cd...035-60&f=false
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
Here's yet another report documenting that the average non-vegans often are short in a number of nutrients:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases...1031090348.htm
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Europeans do not consume enough vitamins, minerals
Date:
October 31, 2013
Source:
Plataforma SINC
Summary:
A study has analyzed intake of 17 basic micronutrients in people's diets across eight European countries. The results reveal that, although vitamin D is the most extreme case, European citizens - across all age and sex ranges - do not consume sufficient iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B6 and folic acid.
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
Meat eaters often have low folate levels, vegans often have low B12 levels. Here's a study which suggests that the low folate levels is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481406 [PMID:24481406]
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Re: Nutrient deficiencies more common in meat eaters than in vegans?
...and while folate fortification is mandatory in eg USA; here's a study which suggest that synthetic folate from fortified foods is associate with an increased breast cancer risk:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996837 [PMID:23996837]
(In other words, it's a good idea to get your folate from food and not from supplements!)